標題: [技術文章] 回顧Arduino的起源:最初的原型
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回顧Arduino的起源:最初的原型  4/10/2014

http://www.makezine.com.tw/make2599131456/arduino8

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329Arduino,是全世界讚頌這個微控制器及因其而生的電子專題的節日。現在使用Arduino的產品從熱鬧街道的櫥窗展示,到許多取得廣大成果的Kickstarter專案,我們看到各種超乎我們能記憶範圍的成品。


然而,這麼高泛用性的平臺最初就如同這張照片一般,是極為不起眼的東西。這個原型似乎這樣叫著:「如果你有需要解決的問題,那就自己想方法!」誰能想像得到它竟然會有今日的發展呢?如果你想深入了解Arduino的原點及Arduino團隊如何克服各種困難並建立了它今日的地位,請閱讀這篇IEEE2011年的報導




Arduino今年滿十歲了呢。







The Making of ArduinoHow five friends engineered a small circuit board that’s taking the DIY world by storm
Posted 26 Oct 2011 | 19:05 GMT
By DAVID KUSHNER

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Photo: Randi Silberman Klett
The Arduino core team [from left]—David Cuartielles, Gianluca Martino, Tom Igoe, David Mellis, and Massimo Banzi—get together at Maker Faire in New York City.

Photo: Randi Silberman Klett
The team recently unveiled the Arduino Due, a board with a 32-bit Cortex-M3 ARM processor that offers more computing power for makers with complex projects. Click to enlarge.

The picturesque town of Ivrea, which straddles the blue-green Dora Baltea River in northern Italy, is famous for its underdog kings. In 1002, King Arduin became the ruler of the country, only to be dethroned by King Henry II, of Germany, two years later. Today, the Bar di Re Arduino, a pub on a cobblestoned street in town, honors his memory, and that’s where an unlikely new king was born.
The bar is the watering hole of Massimo Banzi, the Italian cofounder of the electronics project that he named Arduino in honor of the place. Arduino is a low-cost microcontroller board that lets even a novice do really amazing things. You can connect an Arduino to all kinds of sensors, lights, motors, and other devices and use easy-to-learn software to program how your creation will behave. You can build an interactive display or a mobile robot and then share your design with the world by posting it on the Net.
Released in 2005 as a modest tool for Banzi’s students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII), Arduino has spawned an international do-it-yourself revolution in electronics. You can buy an Arduino board for just about US $30 or build your own from scratch: All hardware schematics and source code are available for free under public licenses. As a result, Arduino has become the most influential open-source hardware movement of its time.
The little board is now the go-to gear for artists, hobbyists, students, and anyone with a gadgetry dream. More than 250 000 Arduino boards have been sold around the world—and that doesn’t include the reams of clones. "It made it possible for people do things they wouldn’t have done otherwise," says David A. Mellis, who was a student at IDII before pursuing graduate work at the MIT Media Lab and is the lead software developer of Arduino.
There are Arduino-based breathalyzers, LED cubes, home-automation systems, Twitter displays, and even DNA analysis kits. There are Arduino parties and Arduino clubs. Google has recently released an Arduino-based development kit for its Android smartphone. As Dale Dougherty, the editor and publisher of Make magazine, the bible of DIY builders, puts it, Arduino has become "the brains of maker projects."
But Arduino isn’t just an open-source project that aims to make technology more accessible. It’s also a start-up company run by Banzi and a group of friends, and it’s facing a challenge that even their magic board can’t solve: how to survive success and grow. "We need to make the next jump," Banzi tells me, "and become an established company."
Arduino rose out of another formidable challenge: how to teach students to create electronics, fast. It was 2002, and Banzi, a bearded and avuncular software architect, had been brought on by IDII as an associate professor to promote new ways of doing interactive design—a nascent field sometimes known as physical computing. But with a shrinking budget and limited class time, his options for tools were few.
Like many of his colleagues, Banzi relied on the BASIC Stamp, a microcontroller created by California company Parallax that engineers had been using for about a decade. Coded with the BASIC programming language, the Stamp was like a tidy little circuit board, packing the essentials of a power supply, a microcontroller, memory, and input/output ports for attaching hardware. But the BASIC Stamp had two problems, Banzi discovered: It didn’t have enough computing power for some of the projects his students had in mind, and it was also a bit too expensive—a board plus basic parts could cost about US $100. He also needed something that could run on Macintosh computers, which were ubiquitous among the IDII designers. What if they could make a board that suited their needs themselves?
Banzi had a colleague from MIT who had developed a designer-friendly programming language called Processing. Processing was rapidly gaining popularity because it allowed even inexperienced programmers to create complex—and beautiful—data visualizations. One of the reasons for its success was an extremely easy-to-use integrated development environment, or IDE. Banzi wondered if they could create similar software tools to code a microcontroller instead of graphics on a screen.
A student in the program, Hernando Barragán, took the first steps in that direction. He developed a prototyping platform called Wiring, which included both a user-friendly IDE and a ready-to-use circuit board. It was a promising project that continues to this day, but Banzi was already thinking bigger: He wanted to make a platform that was even simpler, cheaper, and easier to use.

Photo: Massimo Banzi
The first prototype board, made in 2005, was a simple design, and it wasn’t called Arduino. Massimo Banzi would coin the name later that year.
Photo: Massimo Banzi
The Arduino team contracted with a company that can manufacture from 100 to 3000 boards per day at a facility near Ivrea, Italy. Click to enlarge.

Banzi and his collaborators were strong believers in open-source software. Since the purpose was to create a quick and easily accessible platform, they felt they’d be better off opening up the project to as many people as possible rather than keeping it closed. Another factor that contributed to that decision was that after operating for five years, IDII was running out of funds and was going to close its doors. Faculty members feared their projects would not survive or would be misappropriated. "So we said, ‘Forget it,’ " Banzi recalls. " ‘Let’s make it open source.’ "
The open-source model had long been used to fuel innovation for software, but not hardware. To make it work, they had to find an appropriate licensing solution that could apply to their board. After some investigation, they realized that if they simply looked at their project differently, they could use a license from Creative Commons, the nonprofit group whose agreements are normally used for cultural works such as music and writing. "You could think of hardware as piece of culture you want to share with other people," Banzi says.
To make the board, the group had a specific, student-friendly price as their goal: $30. "It had to be the equivalent of going out to dinner at a pizza place," Banzi says. They also wanted to make it quirky, something that would stand out and be cool-looking to erudite geeks. If other boards were often green, they’d make theirs blue; while some manufacturers economized on input and output pins, they’d add plenty to their board. As a final touch, they added a little map of Italy on the back of the board. "A lot of the design choices are weird for a real engineer," Banzi says with a knowing laugh, "but I’m not a real engineer, so I did it in a silly way!"
For one of the "real" engineers on the team, Gianluca Martino, the unconventional, meatball-surgery approach to circuit board design was enlightening. Martino describes it as a "new way of thinking about electronics," he says, "not in an engineering way, where you have to count electrodes, but a do-it-yourself approach."
The product the team created consisted of cheap parts that could easily be found if users wanted to build their own boards, such as the ATmega328microcontroller. But a key decision was to ensure that it would be, essentially, plug-and-play: something someone could take out of a box, plug into a computer, and use immediately. Boards such as the BASIC Stamp required that DIYers shell out for half a dozen other items that added to the total cost. But for theirs, a user could just pull out a USB cable from the board and connect it to a computer—Mac or PC—to program the device.
"The philosophy behind Arduino is that if you want to learn electronics, you should be able to learn as you go from day one, instead of starting by learning algebra," says another member of the team, telecommunications engineer David Cuartielles.
The team would soon put that philosophy to the test. They handed 300 blank printed circuit boards to the IDII students with a simple directive: Look up the assembly instructions online, build your own board, and use it for something. One of the first projects was a homemade alarm clock that hung from the ceiling by a cable. Whenever you hit the snooze button, the clock would rise tauntingly higher into the air until you just had to get up.
Soon other people heard about the boards. And they wanted one. The first customer was a friend of Banzi’s, who ordered one unit. The project was starting to take off, but one major thing was missing—a name for their invention. One night over drinks at the local pub, it came to them: Arduino, just like the bar—and the king.
Word of Arduino quickly spread online, with no marketing or advertising. Early on, it attracted the attention of Tom Igoe, a professor of physical computing at the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University and today a member of the core Arduino team. Igoe had been teaching courses to nontechnical students using the BASIC Stamp but was impressed by Arduino’s features. "They had the assumption that you didn’t know electronics and programming, that you didn’t want to configure an entire machine just so you could program a chip—you could just open up the board, press upload, and it works," he says. "I was also impressed with the goal of a $30 price, which made it accessible. This was one of the key factors for me."
In that regard, the success of Arduino owes a lot to the prior existence of Processing and Wiring. Those projects gave Arduino one of its essential strengths: the user-friendly programming environment. Before Arduino, coding a microcontroller brought with it a difficult learning curve. With Arduino, even those with no previous electronics experience gained access to a previously impenetrable hardware world. Now, beginners don’t have to learn much before they can build a prototype that actually works. It’s a powerful movement at a time when some of the most popular gadgets out there work as "black boxes" that are closed and patent protected.
For Banzi, this is perhaps the most important impact of Arduino: the democratization of engineering. "Fifty years ago, to write software you needed people in white aprons who knew everything about vacuum tubes. Now, even my mom can program," Banzi says. "We’ve enabled a lot of people to create products themselves."
Not all engineers love Arduino. The more persnickety ones bemoan the product for dumbing down product creation and flooding the hobbyist market with lackluster goods. Mellis, however, doesn’t see the innovation as devaluing the role of the engineer at all. "By providing a platform that lets the artist or designer get a little way in there, it makes it easier for them to work with engineers and say, ’This is what I want to do,’ " he says. "I don’t think it’s replacing the engineer; it’s just facilitating that collaboration."
To fuel greater adoption of Arduino, the team is exploring how to integrate it more deeply into the education system, from grade schools to colleges. Several universities, including Carnegie Mellon and Stanford, already use Arduino. Mellis has been studying how students and laypeople take to electronics in a series of workshops at the MIT Media Lab. Mellis invites 8 to 10 people to the lab, where they’re given a task to complete over the course of a day. The projects have included building iPod speakers, FM radios, and a computer mouse using some of the same components that Arduino uses.
But spreading the Arduino gospel is only part of the challenge. The team must also keep up with demand for the boards. In fact, the Arduino platform doesn’t consist of one type of board anymore—there’s now an entire family of boards. In addition to the original design, called the Arduino Uno, the new models include a more powerful board called the Arduino Mega, a compact board called the Arduino Nano, a waterproof board called the LilyPadArduino, and a recently released, Net-enabled board called the Arduino Ethernet.
Arduino has also created its own cottage industry for DIY electronics. There are more than 200 distributors of Arduino products around the world, from large companies such as SparkFun Electronics, in Boulder, Colo., to mom-and-pop operations serving local needs. Banzi recently heard from a man in Portugal who quit his job at the phone company to sell Arduino products from his home. Arduino team member Gianluca Martino, who oversees production and distribution, says they’re working overtime to reach emerging markets such as China, India, and South America. At this point, he says, about 80 percent of the Arduino audience is split between the United States and Europe, with the rest scattered around the world.
Because the team can’t afford to stock hundreds of thousands of boards, they instead produce anywhere from 100 to 3000 per day at a manufacturing facility near Ivrea. The team created a custom system for testing the pins on each board, which for the Uno includes 14 digital I/O pins, 6 analog input pins, and another 6 pins for the power supply—a big quality-assurance challenge when you’re handling thousands of units a day. The Arduino board is inexpensive enough for the team to promise to replace any board that doesn’t work. Martino says the failure rate is below 1 percent.
The Arduino team is now earning enough to support two of its members as full-time employees and is making plans to bring even more circuit board power to the people. In September, at the Maker Faire, a convention in New York City sponsored by Make magazine, the team launched its first board with a 32-bit processor—an ARM chip—up from the 8-bit one of the past. This will serve the demand for powering more robust peripherals. The MakerBot Thing-O-Matic, for example, is a 3-D printer kit built on Arduino, but it would benefit from a faster processor to achieve more complicated tasks.
Arduino got another boost this year when Google released an Arduino-based developer board for its Android system. Google’s Android ADK, or Accessory Development Kit, is a platform that lets an Android phone interact with motors, sensors, and other devices. You can build an Android app that uses the phone’s camera, motion sensors, touch screen, and Internet connectivity to control a display or robot, for example. Enthusiasts say that the added Android capability opens up the possibilities for Arduino projects even more.
The team is cautious, however, about overcomplicating Arduino. "The challenge is finding a way to accommodate all the different things that people want to do with the platform," Mellis says, "without making it too complex for someone just getting started."
In the meantime, they’re enjoying their unlikely fame. Fans travel from far away just to have a drink at the pub in Ivrea where the phenomenon got its name. "People go to the bar and say, ’We’re here because of the Arduino board,’ " Banzi says. There’s just one problem, he adds with a laugh: The bartenders don’t know what the Arduino board is.
Editor’s note: A quote in this article was deleted in error. The quote was restored on 31 October 2011, and the article now reads as originally published. We also want to confirm that, as some readers have noted, the title of the item in the 27 October 2011 Tech Alert newsletter that links to this article is different from the actual title of the article, which has always been “The Making of Arduino.”

About the AuthorContributing Editor David Kushner is the author of Masters of Doom (2003), Jonny Magic & the Card Shark Kids (2005), and Levittown: Two Families, One Tycoon, and the Fight for Civil Rights in America’s Legendary Suburb(2009). In July 2011 he wrote about the controversy surrounding British hacker Gary McKinnon in "The Autistic Hacker."



http://spectrum.ieee.org/geek-life/hands-on/the-making-of-arduino


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2014年8月18日 星期一Arduino 起源

Arduino 起源

Massimo Banzi 之前是義大利 Ivrea 一家高科技設計學校的老師,他的學生們經常抱怨找不到便宜好用的微處理機控制器。西元2005年, Massimo Banzi 跟David Cuartielles 討論了這個問題,David Cuartielles 是一個西班牙籍晶片工程師,當時是這所學校的訪問學者。兩人討論之後,決定自己設計電路板,並引入了Banzi 的學生 David Mellis 為電路板設計開發用的語言。兩天以後,David Mellis 就寫出了程式碼。又過了幾天,電路板就完工了。於是他們將這塊電路板命名為『Arduino』。


當初Arduino設計的觀點,就是希望針對『不懂電腦語言的族群』,也能用 Arduino 做出很酷的東西,例如:對感測器作出回應、閃爍燈光、控制馬達…等等。


隨後Banzi,Cuartielles,和Mellis把設計圖放到了網際網路上。他們保持設計的開放源碼(Open Source)理念,因為版權法可以監管開放原始碼軟體,卻很難用在硬體上,他們決定採用創用CC許可([url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_6]Creative_Commons, 2013[/url])


創用CC([url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_6]Creative_Commons, 2013[/url])是為保護開放版權行為而出現的類似GPL[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftn1][1][/url]的一種許可(license),來自於自由軟體[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftn2][2][/url]基金會 (Free Software Foundation) 的 GNU 通用公共授權條款 (GNU GPL):在創用CC許可下,任何人都被允許生產電路板的複製品,且還能重新設計,甚至銷售原設計的複製品。你還不需要付版稅,甚至不用取得 Arduino 團隊的許可。


然而,如果你重新散佈了引用設計,你必須在其產品中註解說明原始Arduino 團隊的貢獻。如果你調整或改動了電路板,你的最新設計必須使用相同或類似的創用CC許可,以保證新版本的Arduino電路板也會一樣的自由和開放。


唯一被保留的只有Arduino這個名字:『Arduino』已被註冊成了商標[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftn3][3][/url]『Arduino®』。如果有人想用這個名字賣電路板,那他們可能必須付一點商標費用給 『Arduino®』 ([url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_2]Arduino, 2013[/url])的核心開發團隊成員。


『Arduino®』的核心開發團隊成員包括:Massimo Banzi,David Cuartielles,Tom Igoe,Gianluca Martino,David Mellis 和 Nicholas Zambetti。([url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_2]Arduino, 2013[/url]),若讀者有任何不懂Arduino的地方,都可以訪問Arduino官方網站:http://www.arduino.cc/


『Arduino®』,是一個開放原始碼的單晶片控制器,它使用了Atmel  AVR單晶片 ([url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_3]Atmel_Corporation, 2013[/url]),採用了基於開放原始碼的軟硬體平台,構建於開放原始碼 Simple I/O 介面版,並且具有使用類似Java,C 語言的Processing[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftn4][4][/url]/Wiring開發環境([url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_16]B. F. a. C. Reas, 2013[/url]; [url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_17]C. Reas & Fry, 2007[/url], [url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_18]2010[/url])。Processing由MIT媒體實驗室美學與計算小組(Aesthetics & Computation Group)的Ben Fry(http://benfry.com/)和Casey Reas發明,Processing已經有許多的Open Source的社群所提倡,對資訊科技的發展是一個非常大的貢獻。


讓您可以快速使用 Arduino 語言作出互動作品,Arduino可以使用開發完成的電子元件:例如Switch、感測器、其他控制器件、LED、步進馬達、其他輸出裝置…等。Arduino開發IDE介面基於開放原始碼,可以讓您免費下載使用,開發出更多令人驚豔的互動作品([url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ENREF_4]Banzi, 2009[/url])


Arduino特色


l          開放原始碼的電路圖設計,程式開發介面

l          http://www.arduino.cc/免費下載,也可依需求自己修改!!

l          Arduino 可使用ISCP線上燒入器,自我將新的IC晶片燒入「bootloader」 (http://arduino.cc/en/Hacking/Bootloader?from=Main.Bootloader) 。

l          可依據官方電路圖(http://www.arduino.cc/),簡化Arduino模組,完成獨立運作的微處理機控制模組

l          感測器可簡單連接各式各樣的電子元件 (紅外線,超音波,熱敏電阻,光敏電阻,伺服馬達,…等)

l          支援多樣的互動程式程式開發工具

l          使用低價格的微處理控制器(ATMEGA8-16)

l          USB介面,不需外接電源。另外有提供9VDC輸入

l          應用方面,利用Arduino,突破以往只能使用滑鼠,鍵盤,CCD等輸入的裝置的互動內容,可以更簡單地達成單人或多人遊戲互動

Arduino硬體-Duemilanove


Arduino Duemilanove 使用AVR Mega168為微處理晶片,是一件功能完備的單晶片開發板,Duemilanove特色為:(a).開放原始碼的電路圖設計,(b).程序開發免費下載,(c).提供原始碼可提供使用者修改,(d).使用低價格的微處理控制器(ATmega168),(e).採用USB供電,不需外接電源,(f).可以使用外部9VDC輸入,(g).支持ISP直接線上燒錄,(h).可使用bootloader燒入ATmega8或ATmega168單晶片。

系統規格

l          主要溝通介面:USB

l          核心: ATMEGA328

l          自動判斷並選擇供電方式(USB/外部供電)

l          控制器核心:ATmega328

l          控制電壓:5V

l          建議輸入電(recommended):7-12 V

l          最大輸入電壓 (limits):6-20 V

l          數位 I/O Pins:14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

l          類比輸入Pins:6組

l          DC Current per I/O Pin:40 mA

l          DC Current for 3.3V Pin:50 mA

l          Flash Memory:32 KB (of which 2 KB used by bootloader)

l          SRAM:2 KB

l          EEPROM:1 KB

l          Clock Speed:16 MHz

具有bootloader[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftn5][5][/url]能夠燒入程式而不需經過其他外部電路。此版本設計了『自動回復保險絲[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftn6][6][/url]』,在Arduino開發板搭載太多的設備或電路短路時能有效保護Arduino開發板的USB通訊埠,同時也保護了您的電腦,並且故障排除後能自動恢復正常。



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1 Arduino Duemilanove 開發板外觀圖


Arduino硬體-UNO


UNO的處理器核心是ATmega328,使用 ATMega 8U2 來當作USB-對序列通訊,並多了一組ICSP給MEGA8U2使用:未來使用者可以自行撰寫內部的程式~ 也因為捨棄FTDI USB晶片~ Arduino開發板需要多一顆穩壓IC來提供3.3V的電源。


Arduino UNO是Arduino USB介面系列的最新版本,作為Arduino平臺的參考標準範本: 同時具有14路數位輸入/輸出口(其中6路可作為PWM輸出),6路模擬輸入, 一個16MHz晶體振盪器,一個USB口,一個電源插座,一個ICSP header和一個重定按鈕。


UNO目前已經發佈到第三版,與前兩版相比有以下新的特點: (a).在AREF處增加了兩個管腳SDA和SCL,(b).支援I2C介面,(c).增加IOREF和一個預留管腳,將來擴展板將能相容5V和3.3V核心板,(d).改進了Reset重置的電路設計,(e).USB介面晶片由ATmega16U2替代了ATmega8U2。


系統規格

l          控制器核心:ATmega328

l          控制電壓:5V

l          建議輸入電(recommended):7-12 V

l          最大輸入電壓 (limits):6-20 V

l          數位 I/O Pins:14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

l          類比輸入Pins:6組

l          DC Current per I/O Pin:40 mA

l          DC Current for 3.3V Pin:50 mA

l          Flash Memory:32 KB (of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader)

l          SRAM:2 KB

l          EEPROM:1 KB

l          Clock Speed:16 MHz



2 Arduino UNO開發板外觀圖


Arduino硬體-Mega 2560


可以說是Arduino巨大版: Arduino Mega2560 REV3是Arduino官方最新推出的MEGA版本。功能與MEGA1280幾乎是一模一樣,主要的不同在於Flash容量從128KB提升到256KB,比原來的Atmega1280大。

Arduino Mega2560是一塊以ATmega2560為核心的微控制器開發板,本身具有54組數位I/O input/output端(其中14組可做PWM輸出),16組模擬比輸入端,4組UART(hardware serial ports),使用 16 MHz crystal oscillator。由於具有bootloader,因此能夠通過USB直接下載程式而不需經過其他外部燒入器。供電部份可選擇由USB直接提供電源,或者使用AC-to-DC adapter及電池作為外部供電。

由於開放原代碼,以及使用Java概念(跨平臺)的C語言開發環境,讓Arduino的周邊模組以及應用迅速的成長。而吸引Artist使用Arduino的主要原因是可以快速使用Arduino語言與Flash或Processing…等軟體通訊,作出多媒體互動作品。Arduino開發IDE介面基於開放原代碼原則,可以讓您免費下載使用於專題製作、學校教學、電機控制、互動作品等等。

電源設計

Arduino Mega2560的供電系統有兩種選擇,USB直接供電或外部供電。電源供應的選擇將會自動切換。外部供電可選擇AC-to-DC adapter 或者電池,此控制板的極限電壓範圍為6V~12V,但倘若提供的電壓小於6V,I/O口有可能無法提供到5V的電壓,因此會出現不穩定;倘若提供的電壓大於12V,穩壓裝置則會有可能發生過熱保護,更有可能損壞 Arduino MEGA2560。因此建議的操作供電為6.5~12V,推薦電源為7.5V或9V。

系統規格

l          控制器核心:ATmega2560

l          控制電壓:5V

l          建議輸入電(recommended):7-12 V

l          最大輸入電壓 (limits):6-20 V

l          數位 I/O Pins:54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)

l          UART:4

l          類比輸入Pins:16組

l          DC Current per I/O Pin:40 mA

l          DC Current for 3.3V Pin:50 mA

l          Flash Memory:256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader

l          SRAM:8 KB

l          EEPROM:4 KB

l          Clock Speed:16 MHz



3 Arduino Mega2560開發板外觀圖




[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftnref1][1] GNU 通用公眾授權條款(英語:GNU General Public License,簡稱GNU GPL或GPL),是一個廣泛被使用的自由軟體授權條款,最初由理察·斯托曼為GNU計劃而撰寫。

[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftnref2][2][/url] 「自由軟體」指尊重使用者及社群自由的軟體。簡單來說使用者可以自由運行、複製、發佈、學習、修改及改良軟體。他們有操控軟體用途的權利。

[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftnref3][3][/url] 商標註冊人享有商標的專用權,也有權許可他人使用商標以獲取報酬。各國對商標權的保護期限長短不一,但期滿之後,只要另外繳付費用,即可對商標予以續展,次數不限。

[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftnref4][4][/url] Processing 是一個Open Source的程式語言及開發環境,提供給那些想要對影像、動畫、聲音進行程式處理的工作者。此外,學生、藝術家、設計師、建築師、研究員以及有興趣的人,也可以用來學習,開發原型及製作

[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftnref5][5][/url] 啟動程式(boot loader)位於電腦或其他計算機應用上,是指引導操作系統啟動的程式。

[url=file:///D:/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BF%A0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8/arduino%20%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97/POV/POVV2.doc#_ftnref6][6][/url]自恢復保險絲是一種過流電子保護元件,採用高分子有機聚合物在高壓、高溫,硫化反應的條件下,攙加導電粒子材料後,經過特殊的生產方法製造而成。Ps. PPTC(PolyerPositiveTemperature Coefficent)也叫自恢復保險絲。嚴格意義講:PPTC不是自恢復保險絲,ResettableFuse才是自恢復保險絲。





http://taiwanarduino.blogspot.tw/2014/08/arduino.html